11/30/2023 0 Comments Sqlite count null![]() Suppose you use aggregate functions such as SUM, AVG, or MIN, MAX for NULL values. We’ll look at them later in this article. There are many SQL functions available to overcome these NULL value issues in string concatenations. Its concatenated string is NULL as well, because SQL cannot validate the string value contains NULL. For example, the person in Row 1 does not have a middle name. Look at the result set - the query returns NULL in the concatenated string if any part of the string has NULL. Setting a string to NULL and then concatenating it returns NULL (Suffix || ' ' || FirstName || ' ' || MiddleName || LastName ) AS CustomerFullName FROM Customers SELECT Suffix, FirstName, MiddleName, LastName, Suffix, Suppose you required the customer's full name in a single column, and you concatenate them using the pipe sign(||). NULL also plays an important role in string concatenation. Multiplying a decimal by NULL returns NULL Multiplying an integer by NULL returns NULL SELECT 10.0 * NULL If you try to perform an arithmetic operation, it also returns NULL because SQL cannot determine the correct value for the variable, and it considers an UNKNOWN value. Similarly, suppose you declared a variable but did not initialize its value. Integer, Decimal, and String Operations with NULL By using IS NULL instead of equals you can query for NULL values. If you remove space, it becomes a function ISNULL(). Note: There is a space between IS and NULL. ![]() Instead, you refer to the value as IS NULL for this purpose. In the SQL standard, we cannot compare a value to NULL. In the above select statement expression defines “Where the email address equals an UNKNOWN value”. Values that are NULL cannot be queried using = The following query works fine, but it will not give us a row: Select * FROM Customers WHERE Emailaddress=NULL Now, suppose you want to fetch records for those customers who do not have an email address. (FirstName, MiddleName, LastName, Suffix, CompanyName, SalesPerson, NULL in the WHERE Clause Let’s insert a few records into this table using the following script. The columns such as CustomerID, FirstName, LastName do not allow NULL values, whereas the Suffix, CompanyName, and SalesPerson columns can store NULL values. For example, look at the following customer's table. To a table structure, we need to define whether the respective column allows NULL or not. Screenshots in this post come from the Arctype SQL Client. In this post we will consider how NULL is used in creating tables, querying, string operations, and functions. Therefore a NULL value in this table represents missing or inadequate information. However, an alternate contact number is not required and therefore has an unknown value. This table has a few mandatory value columns like EmployeeId, Name, and ContactNumber. Suppose you have an employee table containing columns such as EmployeeId, Name, ContactNumber and an alternate contact number. It is not equivalent to empty string or zero. If the second argument is NULL, it keeps checking the next argument until it finds a non-empty value and replaces it with the first NULL argument.The NULL value is a data type that represents an unknown value. ![]() If the first argument is NULL, it checks for the second. It checks whether the first argument is NULL or not, and if it is NULL, it replaces it with the second argument.Ĭonversely, the function COALESCE() takes two or more parameters and checks whether the first argument is NULL. The main difference between the COALESCE() and ifnull() functions is that the ifnull() function takes only two arguments. Difference Between the COALESCE() and the ifnull() Functions ![]() The difference is that the isnull() function has been replaced with the NVL() function, an Oracle function in the SQL server. It checks for the empty values inside the database and replaces them with an alternate value as specified in the NVL() function. Similar to the COALESCE() function, the NVL() function does the same. Updated Table Output: id Quantity 1 200 2 13 3 0 4 30 5 512 Use the NVL() Function in the SQLite Database SELECT COALESCE(Quantity, 0) AS Inventory FROM Product ![]()
0 Comments
11/30/2023 0 Comments Bear paw succulent variegated![]() Soil TypeĪs we mentioned before, bear paw succulents naturally dwell in porous, rocky soil that drains very quickly. The second method is to simply choose a pot that is an inch or two deeper and wider than the root ball of the plant. So for example, if your bear paw measures 6 inches from soil line to the tallest point, 6 divided by 3 equals 2, so use a pot that’s 2 inches in diameter. This gives you the ideal pot diameter in inches. ![]() Then take that number and divide it by three. One method to find the right size is to measure the plant from tallest point to the soil line. The size of your pot will depend on the size of your bear paw succulent. Just be sure that your pot has really good drainage, and in the case of a plastic pot, be extra careful not to overwater. Terra cotta pots are our favorite for house plants because of the breathability of their surface, but ceramic and plastic pots work too. Their root system is shallow and spreading, and often a succulent will create a mini version of itself at its base and grow steadily outwards. Succulents tend to do better in wide pots as opposed to deep ones. Now that you have a better understanding of your bear paw’s background, let’s move on to its day-to-day care needs in your home. Thus, as a houseplant, the variegated bear paw succulent doesn’t need much water or many nutrients, but it does require strong, consistent light and well-draining soil. ![]() Within those five populations in South Africa, Cotyledon tomentosa grows in arid ravines with very dry, porous, rocky soil. The South African National Biodiversity Institute classifies this species as Vulnerable due to its low population and the threats it faces in the form of livestock trampling, habitat degradation, and illegal gathering. tomentosa is actually quite rare in the wild, with only five known subpopulations in South Africa, all of which consist of fewer than thirty plants. green pig’s ear, and Cotyledon pendens or cliff cotyledon.Ĭ. This genus is pretty big and several of its members are popular house plant succulents, such as Cotyledon orbiculata a.k.a. ![]() The species name tomentosa means “hairy” in reference to the light fuzz on the surface of the plant.Ĭotyledons as a whole are native to South Africa, although they can sometimes be found in the drier areas of the continent farther north. The genus name Cotyledon means “seed leaf,” indicating these plants’ ability to spread themselves from their leaves instead of simply by seed. The first step to mastering bear paw succulent care is familiarizing yourself with your plant’s background and native habitat. How can I revive a dying bear paw succulent?.How much light does a bear paw succulent need?.Frequently Asked Questions about Bear Paw Succulent Care.Potential Problems with Bear Paw Succulents. ![]() 11/30/2023 0 Comments Tim peel hockey![]() ![]() "A special moment this week as Garrett Rank officiates first-ever NHL game". "New hockey refs learn from a pro at Guelph clinic". ^ Jackson, Jonathon (28 September 2015).^ "Pochmara brothers earn their officiating stripes". ![]() "Hamilton's Conor O'Donnell goes from taking penalties to calling them". ^ "Maritime referee makes NHL debut in Philadelphia"."Wes McCauley of South Portland is on top of his game as an NHL referee". ![]() "Lumsden-born NHL referee Peter MacDougall whistles while he works". ^ "Former Campus Rec referee makes NHL debut"."Pierre Lambert: de Saint-Hubert à la grande ligue". ^ Harvey-Pinard, Katherine (5 September 2018)."Arbitre de la LNH: 1000e match pour Marc Joannette". ^ "Former ECHL Referee Hebert Makes NHL Debut".^ Gauthier, Louis-Simon (17 February 2017)."Tecumseh's Dunning hired by NHL to be a referee in 2018-19". "Colorado State grad makes debut as NHL referee". "Francis Charron, un zèbre gatinois dans la LNH". ^ "Former SPHL referee Jake Brenk makes NHL debut"."Kelowna's Cody Beach a step closer to NHL". Officials in the Hockey Hall of Fame Year inducted Ron Wicks (Septem– April 1, 2016) – Deceased.Cooper Smeaton (J– October 3, 1978) – Deceased.Art Skov (Septem– April 19, 2009) – Deceased.Mike Rodden (Ap– January 11, 1978) – Deceased.Stephane Provost – (– April 22, 2005) – Deceased.Mike Noeth Hired to NHL contract at age 20, at that time the youngest referee ever hired by the NHL.Dave Newell (Febru– December 16, 2018) – Deceased.Michael McGeough (J– November 23, 2018) – Deceased.Alfie LeJeune (Septem– October 17, 2012) – Deceased.Swede Knox (Ma– March 22, 2021) – Deceased.Mickey Ion (Febru– October 26, 1964) – Deceased.Bobby Hewitson (Janu– January 9, 1969) – Deceased.Lloyd Gilmour (Aug– August 11, 2010) – Deceased.Chaucer Elliott (Aug– March 13, 1913) – Deceased.John D'Amico (Septem– May 29, 2005) – Deceased.King Clancy (Febru– November 10, 1986) – Deceased. ![]()
11/30/2023 0 Comments Ocean waves anime full movie![]() ![]() I would say the same about the screenwriter Keiko Niwa's subsequent Ghibli projects. Ocean Waves is a relatively normal story animated by Studio Ghibli. Ocean Waves does not have any of this, though it may not be fair to compare. ![]() The storyboard has a crazy number of different shots, mimicking film but doing what film cannot do. Porco Rosso gives the audience plenty of time and space to appreciate the art and ambiance without introducing any boredom. With Whisper of the Heart, the story *is* the vehicle for deeper themes. slice of life, yet treated dramatically, yet lacking the deeper themes that Whisper of the Heart contains through its entire film. Not to mention that Ocean Waves's story is comparatively mundane. ![]() There is almost a spirituality to the silence in Ghibli films. This pulls the audience away from what I feel are this film's and Ghibli's strengths. So anyway, I felt that compared to other Ghibli films Ocean Waves's story becomes too dialogue-heavy. Digital tools are around but they do not dominate the production, etc. night time scenes have their own vibrant color palettes with nice blues and purples. This is why I like Ocean Waves's soundtrack, it is a mishmash of jazz, several music genres, combined with cheesy synths, the combination of which you would never hear anywhere else except maybe a video game. This is combined with this unique early-90's art style. Porco Rosso (1992), Ocean Waves (1993), Whisper of the Heart (1995) IMO represent Ghibli's mastery of cell animation. I think it is a solid 7/10 and worth watching just for the style. The soundtrack is one of my favorites and the art style is IMO at the studio's peak. Has anyone else here seen it? What did you think? What are some other good realistic takes on teenage melodrama? For me, Edward Yang's A Brighter Summer Day and Yi Yi are two other films that capture the teenage experience quite well. Ocean Waves captures the true nature of highschool drama better than anything else I've seen: immature, melodramatic and ultimately not as important as the teenagers involved think. To quote the film, when you reflect on your teenage years, "you realize your world was too small". Looking back on high school I can see that we (myself included) acted like a bunch of self-obsessed sociopaths, and that any drama was ultimately meaningless in the long run. Taku doesn't even really understand why or if he liked Rikako until after the fact. The central "love triangle" barely exists because it is clear that none of these characters are ready for love or proper relationships yet. They like her for completely arbitrary reasons and project their idealized fantasies onto her. None of them know much about who she actually is as a person - besides the main two guys none of them have even spoken to her. The boys obsess over Rikako despite the fact that she has never said a nice word to them. In this movie the teenagers are hormonal. She has moved to a new town where she doesn't know anyone and doesn't fit in, and she is seemingly being ostracized by the other girls at school. But to put her life into perspective, she is a teenager going through puberty while coping with the divorce of her parents. She has little empathy or self-awareness and has little regard for how her action will affect those around her. She is immature and selfish, making decision purely driven by emotion. Yes, Rikako acts like a pretty terrible person. They complain that Rikako is a "bitch" and that Taku is spineless for putting up with her shenanigans. Most of the negative reviews I've seen for the film mention that they dislike the characters. This film is like the antithesis of the typical teen film - it clearly draws attention to the fact that the drama was all overblown and unimportant. Watching teen movies, I've always felt like I was watching a cartoonish exaggeration of reality and I usually find myself thinking "all of this drama is completely unimportant in the grand scheme of these characters' lives". I have always disliked the teen romance genre, because it has never reflected my own experiences. I was very surprised to find that the film is really good. Opinions I had read of the film online ranged from mostly ambivalent to negative, so I never felt that compelled to watch it despite being one of the very few Ghibli film's I'd never seen. I just watched Ghibli's Ocean Waves, after years of ignoring it. ![]() 11/30/2023 0 Comments Dim sum king san francisco![]() ![]() Still, when reached by phone, a manager at the restaurant told Eater SF that takeout and delivery business has been good - their neighbors in the area around Geary Boulevard have been really supportive, she said. But like so many of the city’s big dim sum houses, Ton Kiang has had to shift its business model quite drastically during the shelter in place, absent the large crowds that normally line up for dim sum each weekend. I was someone's guest so no complains from me there and then but I would not consider this a good seafood restaurant.The COVID-19 crisis wasn’t cited as the specific cause of the closure. And as soon as it cooled down a little it tasted very fishy! The soup with real crab meat was a disappointment, it had something crunchy in it we could not quite identify. To miao or young pea shoots were not young or tender but they were cooked nicely with a little garlic. The beef with mix of mushrooms was ok, too thickly covered with caramelized hoisin sauce. The Peking duck (skin and drum sticks) was good, as was the side dish( rest of duck with tofu. They only had scallops in the shell at $10 per piece so we skipped that. We wanted to order scallops with asparagus- a fairly common dish. We compromised on salt and pepper prawns but the taste and texture were mediocre, not fresh. The waiter kept pushing river prawns as special of the day, how it was $25 here but the store was selling them at $28! My host wanted wasabi prawns, which they do not cook. Our host went to check on the "Fresh fish in the tank" but they looked pathetic and listless, so we skipped that. Since this is a seafood place, we tried to order seafood. So I ended up translating for my host in Cantonese. ![]() The waiter that served us could barely speak English. All guests were seated in central area outside kitchen. Thankfully they left after packing up their leftovers. We asked for a quiet table so we could talk but were placed next to children playing very loudly. MoreĮight adults came for dinner on a Monday night. In all i find the food slightly too salty as i had to drink a lot of water during the meal. The fried rice was good and the sauce was tasty. Lastly we had a fried rice with Fu Gian meat sauce. The vegetable was slightly too chewy even though the broth was good. The fourth dish was a vegetable dish with garlic cooked in a broth. It needed a bit of colour contrast with a second vegetable to bring some colour to the dish. The food was tasty but again presentation was really lacking as the tofu and grouper were both brown. The third dish was braised fried tofu and grouper. The second vegetable dish was green beans and mushrooms. Although the crab was fresh, the presentation was really lacking to say the least! ![]() The pot that they served the crab in was way too small. ![]() It was prepared with fine vermicelli noodles. jelly fish.įor mains, we chose a dish with a live crab. We started with two appetizers : fried pumpkin sticks and. The fish tank had live crabs, fishes, shrimps and other seafood. There were plenty to choose from the menu. I visited San Francisco last week and we had a family dinner on Saturday, Nov 2. Sushi Restaurants for Lunch in Daly City.Mexican Restaurants for Lunch in Daly City.The Westin Reserva Conchal, an All-Inclusive Golf Resort & Spa.Finest Punta Cana By The Excellence Collection All Inclusive.Hotels near (OAK) Metropolitan Oakland Intl Airport.Hotels near (SJC) Mineta San Jose Intl Airport.Hotels near The Karaite Jews Of America.Daly City Hotels with Laundry Facilities. ![]() 11/29/2023 0 Comments Bariatric fracture bedpan![]() ![]() Follow any preset institutional policies on the use of a bedpan in a clinical setting.Ī patient that can assist with care by raising their hips is approached differently than a patient that cannot lift their hips due to surgical considerations, fractures, or other contraindications. Placing a patient on a bedpan requires a special technique and is reserved for those that are on bed rest per a health care provider order or discretion. Stool containers if cultures or other fecal tests are necessary.Graduated cylinder to measure output if a requirement.Soiled linen hamper and location of the dirty/soiled utility room.Powder if advised per policy and no contraindication for use exist.Linens such as washcloths, sheets, privacy blankets. ![]() Hand hygiene products, soap, a basin of water.Personal protective equipment such as gloves.Bedpan: Fracture or regular with bariatric considerations.Gather all supplies before you start the procedure. Bedpans are chosen based on diagnosis, patient comfort or preference and if any contraindications exist for using the regular size such as a fracture. High fall risk and increased injury potentialīedpans come in regular size or a smaller, fracture pan.Debilitating illness or profound fatigue.Medical necessity may warrant the use of a bedpan, for example as with immobile patients with the following concerns: Semi-private rooms or shared wards and hospital overcrowding are a challenge regarding patient privacy. Using the toilet may be a source of discomfort and embarrassment among all genders. Bariatric bedpans are available up to a 1200-pound (544-kg) capacity. The fracture pan has one flat end for ease of use with specific patient populations: i.e., hip fractures, hip replacements, or lower extremity fractures. The regular bedpan is larger than its fracture counterpart. There are 2 types of bedpans: regular or fracture. ![]() Bedpans are a way of addressing elimination concerns when the traditional toilet is not an option due to high risk of injury or debilitating illness in sick, bed-confined individuals. Bedpan use in today's society is not that different from use in the 18th century. ![]() 11/29/2023 0 Comments Circular permutation![]() Reporter gene fusions based on the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) are powerful experimental tools that allow real-time changes in gene expression to be monitored both in single cells and in populations. This Emerald FP has improved photostability and brightness than EGFP. Protein engineering of EGFP has yielded several green variants with improved characteristics such as Emerald. Read More: What is the River that flows in Algeria? Why is EGFP better than GFP?ĮGFP is brighter and matures rapidly at 37☌ than wild-type GFP. Photoactivatable fluorescent proteins (PA-FPs) are fluorescent proteins that display unique changes in their spectral properties upon exposure to a specific wavelength of light. How does Photoactivatable fluorescent protein work? … Thus, PA–GFP is an excellent tool for monitoring the dynamic subcellular localization of fusion proteins. In particular, the photoactivatable GFP (PA–GFP) has been utilized for monitoring protein movement within living mammalian cells (Lippincott-Schwartz and Patterson, 2008 Patterson and Lippincott-Schwartz, 2004). How do you solve for circular permutation? What does Photoactivatable mean?įilters. The T4 genome is circularly permuted and terminally redundant with respect to base sequence these features protect against information loss during replication of a linear DNA. Why the T4 phage genome is circularly permuted?īacteriophage T4 contains a large, linear double-stranded DNA genome, with chemical modifications of its cytosine residues. The result is a protein structure with different connectivity, but overall similar three-dimensional (3D) shape. What is circular permutation genetics?Ī circular permutation is a relationship between proteins whereby the proteins have a changed order of amino acids in their peptide sequence. The key difference between GFP and EGFP is that the GFP is a wild-type protein incorporated in the molecular cloning of non-mammalian cells while the EGFP is an improved or engineered type of GFP that can be used on mammalian cells. What is the difference between EGFP and GFP? Photoactivatable fluorescent proteins (PAFPs) is a type of fluorescent protein that exhibit fluorescence that can be modified by a light-induced chemical reaction. Such a structure imparts greater mobility to the FP than that of the native variant, allowing greater lability of the spectral characteristics. In other words it is now like the pool balls question, but with slightly changed numbers.In circularly permuted FPs (cpFPs), the original N- and C-termini are fused using a peptide linker, while new termini are formed near the chromophore. This is like saying "we have r + (n−1) pool balls and want to choose r of them". So (being general here) there are r + (n−1) positions, and we want to choose r of them to have circles. Notice that there are always 3 circles (3 scoops of ice cream) and 4 arrows (we need to move 4 times to go from the 1st to 5th container). ![]() So instead of worrying about different flavors, we have a simpler question: "how many different ways can we arrange arrows and circles?" Let's use letters for the flavors: (one of banana, two of vanilla): ![]() Let us say there are five flavors of icecream: banana, chocolate, lemon, strawberry and vanilla. ![]() 11/29/2023 0 Comments Euthyroid sick syndrome treatment![]() ![]() As presented above, ESS represents "hypothyroid state" which is disadvantageous to patients because thyroid hormone plays important role during illness by controlling metabolic rate 13). This result showed a close relationship between mortality rate and the incidence of ESS after HSCT. In this study, mortality rate after HSCT was significantly higher in patients with ESS within 3 months during HSCT ( P=0.014) compared to the non-ESS group. The degree of alteration of thyroid hormones can predict the outcome in several disease processes 12, 13). Serum T 4 levels are reduced in ESS in proportion to the severity and probably the length of the illness 13). With few exceptions, reports indicate that serum T 3 level is low in patients with ESS. It is also called nonthyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) 12, 13). ![]() A decrease in serum thyroid hormone level in ESS is often seen in stress-inducing conditions, such as starvation, sepsis, surgery, myocardial infarction, bone marrow transplantation, and, in fact, probably any severe illness. ![]() ESS was also reported as frequent shortterm thyroid dysfunction by Toubert et al. Among these 45 patients, ESS (64.4%, 29/45 patients) was the most common short-term thyroid dysfunction. ![]() In this study, short-term thyroid dysfunction was detected in 27.1% (45 out of 166) of the patients. All 8 chronic myelogenous leukemia patients underwent transplantation after the first chronic phase ( Table 1). Seventy-one patients with acute myeloid leukemia underwent transplantation after first complete remission, and 5 underwent transplantation after second complete remission. Twenty-one patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia underwent transplantation after first complete remission and 22 patients underwent transplantation after second complete remission. Patients underwent HSCT for malignant and nonmalignant hematological diseases (43 acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 79 acute myeloid leukemia, 8 chronic myelogenous leukemia, 31 aplastic anemia, 5 Fanconi anemia, 3 hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis). Patients who were not evaluated for thyroid function (n=3), those with abnormal thyroid function before transplantation (n=28), those with solid tumor (n=13), and those who died within 3 months after HSCT (n=4) were excluded from the study. Mary's Hospital HSCT Center at the Catholic University of Korea from January 2004 through December 2009. These patients had undergone HSCT at Seoul St. Conclusions Low- dose levothyroxine sodium treatment is effective for ESS in patients with severe pulmonary tuberculosis.Improvement on low T3 syndrome may be an important indicator for the overall improvement or recovery.Out of 214 patients, 166 (100 females and 66 males) were included in the study. 3%), while no death was reported in treatment group. Two patients in control group died(2/60, 3. No empty closed after treatment in both groups, but the effective rate in treatment group was significantly higher than that in the control group(93.3% vs. T3 and FT3 were significantly increased in both groups, but more significant difference was observed in the treatment group(t = 59. Serum albumin in the treatment group was increased to(34.2 ☐.4)g/L after the treatment, and that in the control group was(29.1 ☐.6)g/L(t =2.42, P<0.05). Clearance rate of acid-fast bacilli in treatment group was 25.0%(15/60), but that in the control was only 6.7%(4/60)(χ2 = 7. Marked improvements were observed in 19 patients(31.7%)of treatment group and 8 patients (13.3%)of control group(χ2 = 5. Thyroid function, clinical improvements, increase of albumin, reduction of acid-fast bacilli, improvements on images and the mortality rates were compared between the groups.Results After 2 weeks of treatment, symptoms including fever, cough and night sweats were improved in both groups. Both groups were given anti- tuberculosis, antiinfection treatment and nutritional support for 2 weeks patients in treatment group were given low- dose levothyroxine sodium additionally. Methods One hundred and twenty inpatients with severe pulmonary tuberculosis and ESS were randomly divided into treatment group and control group by gender, age, disease duration and severity. Objective To evaluate the efficacy of low- dose levothyroxine sodium in treatment of severe pulmonary tuberculosis with euthyroid sick syndrome(ESS). ![]() 11/29/2023 0 Comments 12 x 18 prints![]() ![]() This is because the 12x18 paper has an aspect ratio of 1:1.5 which provides a wide or long surface area and this is exactly what nicely accommodates an architectural project and other business applications like booklets, posters, frames and more. It first started in the architectural industry for planning projects, drawings and blueprints and it did a great job in these fields. 12x18 paper is still useful for many types of projects. In fact the 8.5 x 11 paper size is more popular in many fields. What is 12x18 paper used for?Īlthough there are a lot of other paper sizes for every kind of printing and copying need, the 12x18 paper size is most often used in:ġ2x18 paper is not the most popular paper size out there. ![]() ![]() There are also professional large format color multifunction printers from. For example some in-home personal printers that support a 12x18 paper size format can be found in this article from. There are many personal and professional printers that support a 12x18 paper format and size. (You can also find every other paper size in different units by selecting the desired unit above at the top right corner of the website.) 12x18 paper size printer One of them is from the Architectural paper series and is referred to as Arch B or Architectural B Paper which is mostly used for different digital printing projects. The size of 12x18 paper is actually more popular than the name itself, this is because there are other more popular paper names with the same size. The 12x18 inches paper size in millimeters (mm) is 305 x 457 mm. So what paper size is 12x18? The answer to what size is a 12x18 paper is exactly in the question itself: 12x18 inches. ![]() 11/29/2023 0 Comments Dash symbol![]() ![]() A compound missing its hyphen can perplex and befuddle. If you need a hyphen for clarity, leave it in. When in doubt, remember that hyphens exist primarily to help readers get the meaning. But when the compound serves as an adjective or a noun, it is.Ī good dictionary and a reliable style guide are indispensable aids for navigating the labyrinth of hyphen use. Such compounds never take hyphens.Ī compound verb made up of a verb plus an adverb or a preposition is normally not hyphenated. One important exception occurs when the first part of the compound modifier is an adverb ending in -ly. For instance, a hyphen often joins a compound modifier when the modifier precedes the word described, but not when it follows it. No wonder John Benbow, former editor of the Oxford University Press stylebook, once warned, "If you take hyphens seriously, you will surely go mad." Still, there are some general principles. The guidelines for compounding with hyphens fill eleven pages in The Canadian Style ( 2nd ed., 1997), twelve in The Chicago Manual of Style ( 16th ed., 2010). Why do people sign up for things on a sign-up sheet? How can someone wear a tight-fitting skirt and a tightly woven scarf? Why is a well-tailored suit well tailored? And a long-term plan a scheme for the long term? Herein lies the hyphen’s beauty, and its perversity. And most commonly, as in the headline above, it glues together compound structures. It divides words at the end of lines in typeset material. It punctuates phone numbers, ISBN codes on books and other strings of numerals. The hyphen, which shares a key with the underscore mark on the standard keyboard, has several functions. Zoologists have discovered a mysterious new fungus that is killing the world’s frogs and toads, New Scientist magazine said on Wednesday.Ī single misplaced hyphen and the reader expects destructive frogs instead of a deadly fungus. ZOOLOGISTS ID MYSTERIOUS FUNGUS-KILLING FROGS ![]() |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |